A dramatic pattern in our planet’s climate history involves paroxysms in Arctic temperatures. During the last ice age, tens of thousands of years ago, Greenland repeatedly warmed by about 10 degrees Celsius over just a few decades and then gradually cooled. Meanwhile the Southern Hemisphere climate stayed fairly stable, with only weak and long-delayed echoes of the temperature chaos up north.
But new research shows the fierce winds circling Antarctica—an important lever on the global climate—shifted quickly in response to the Northern Hemisphere temperature spikes.
“It’s most surprising that we can see these really abrupt changes in the Northern Hemisphere making it very quickly to the Southern Hemisphere,” says first author Bradley Markle, a doctoral student in earth and space sciences at the University of Washington. “The atmospheric circulation is tightly connected across the globe during these events.”
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The study appears in Nature Geoscience.
Researchers used evidence from a two-mile-long West Antarctic ice core. That ice core’s thick annual layers provide precise dating that allows scientists to match its climate history with those in distant Greenland ice records.
“There’s a general understanding in the climate science community that global warming is not just about temperature change, it’s also about changing winds.”
The wild northern temperature swings, known as Dansgaard-Oeschger events, are thought to be natural oscillations in the climate system. They have been reproduced in the most sophisticated climate models covering the ice age period. These same models also show a shift in Southern Hemisphere winds.
The new study is the observational support for such a shift in winds.
The Antarctic ice core shows that Southern Ocean winds shifted at the same time, or at most within a few decades, of each rapid Greenland warming event. Antarctic air temperatures, on the other hand, are connected through the slower-moving oceans and took about two centuries to respond.
“We’d never found anything in our ice cores before that show the Southern Hemisphere responding so quickly to what happened in the Northern Hemisphere,” says coauthor Eric Steig, a professor of earth and space sciences. “What we found is that when it warms up abruptly in the Northern Hemisphere, the winds in the Southern Hemisphere move north, and blow over warmer water. And the opposite happens when it cools down quickly in the north: the winds shift south.”
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It was already well known that tropical rain bands and the Northern Hemisphere jet stream adjust to the temperature balance between hemispheres. But there was little historical evidence for winds blowing over the icy southern seas.
The new study uses chemical clues in the 70,000-year ice core record. As gusting winds evaporate seawater, the fraction of heavier to lighter hydrogen and oxygen atoms in vapor depends on the ocean’s temperature. When this moisture eventually falls as snow over Antarctica, it contains a signature of the latitude where it evaporated.
Results show that the winds shifted north toward the equator when Greenland warmed, through a signal that was communicated through the atmosphere.
“When it warms up rapidly in the Northern Hemisphere it creates strong temperature gradients, which influence the rain belts in the tropics. The rain belts in the tropics affect where the winds blow in the Southern Hemisphere. So it’s a chain of effects,” Steig says.
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Besides being important for Antarctic climate, the Southern Ocean winds influence rainfall in South America, Australia, and southern Africa. These winds also play a role in long-term climate feedbacks that involve Antarctic sea ice and the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide by the oceans.
“There’s a general understanding in the climate science community that global warming is not just about temperature change, it’s also about changing winds,” Steig says.
While there is some evidence that Southern Ocean winds may be changing today, the causes would be different from those in the study, the authors caution. But the results establish a new bridge between the two hemispheres, and support the results from computer models that create detailed simulations of the global climate over thousands of years.
“This gives us confidence that the models that we’re using to make those calculations are getting it about right,” Steig says.
Support for the work came from the National Science Foundation, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the University of Washington-based Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, and fellowships from NASA and the ARCS Foundation.
Additional coauthors are from the University of Montana; Oregon State University; the University of Copenhagen; the University of California, Santa Barbara; the University of Colorado, Boulder; and Penn State.
Source: University of Washington
