Neuroscientists have shown how amputees can learn to control a robotic arm through electrodes implanted in the brain.
Their research also details changes that take place in both sides of the brain used to control the amputated limb and the remaining, intact limb. The results show both areas can create new connections to learn how to control the device, even several years after an amputation.
“That’s the novel aspect to this study, seeing that chronic, long-term amputees can learn to control a robotic limb,” says Nicho Hatsopoulos, professor of organismal biology and anatomy at the University of Chicago and senior author of the study.
“But what was also interesting was the brain’s plasticity over long-term exposure, and seeing what happened to the connectivity of the network as they learned to control the device.”
Previous experiments have shown how paralyzed human patients can move robotic limbs through a brain-machine interface. The new study is one of the first to test the viability of these devices in amputees as well.
The researchers worked with three rhesus monkeys who suffered injuries at a young age that required arm amputation to rescue them four, nine, and 10 years ago, respectively. Their limbs were not amputated for the purposes of the study.
In two of the animals, the researchers implanted electrode arrays in the side of the brain opposite, or contralateral, to the amputated limb. This is the side that used to control the amputated limb. In the third animal, researchers implanted the electrodes on the same side, or ipsilateral, to the amputated limb. This is the side that the intact limb still controls.
Researchers trained the monkeys (with generous helpings of juice) to move a robotic arm and grasp a ball using only their thoughts. The scientists recorded the activity of neurons where they had placed electrodes, and used a statistical model to calculate how the neurons connected to each other before the experiments, during training, and once the monkeys mastered the activity.
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The connections between neurons on the contralateral side—the side that had been controlling the amputated arm—were sparse before the training, most likely because they had not been used for that function in a long time. But as training progressed, these connections became more robust and dense in areas used for both reaching and grasping.
On the ipsilateral side—the side that had been controlling the monkey’s intact arm—the connections were dense at the beginning of the experiments. But the researchers saw something interesting as training progressed: first the connections pruned and the networks thinned, before rebuilding into a new, dense network.
“That means connections were shedding off as the animal was trying to learn a new task, because there is already a network controlling some other behavior,” says Karthikeyan Balasubramanian, a postdoctoral researcher who led the study. “But after a few days it started rebuilding into a new network that can control both the intact limb and the neuroprosthetic.”
Now the team plans to continue their work by combining it with research by other groups to equip neuroprosthetic limbs with sensory feedback about touch and proprioception, which is the sense of where the limb is located in space.
“That’s how we can begin to create truly responsive neuroprosthetic limbs, when people can both move it and get natural sensations through the brain machine interface,” Hatsopoulos says.
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The researchers report their findings in the journal Nature Communications.
Additional authors are from the University of Chicago; the University of Oklahoma; the University of Florida; Michigan State University; the Illinois Institute of Technology; and Northwestern University.
Source: University of Chicago
