Controlled nuclear fusion has been a holy grail for physicists who seek an endless supply of clean energy. Rather than heating atoms to temperatures found inside the sun or smashing them in a collider, say scientists, it might be possible to nudge them close enough to fuse by using shaped laser pulses: ultrashort, tuned bursts of coherent light.
The team simulated reactions in two dimensions that, if extrapolated to three, might just produce energy efficiently from deuterium and tritium or other elements.
Study coauthor Martin Gruebele’s postdoctoral adviser, Ahmed Zewail, received the Nobel Prize for his work on femtochemistry, in which femtosecond-long laser flashes trigger chemical reactions.
The femtochemical technique is central to the new idea that nuclei can be pushed close enough to overcome the Coulomb barrier that forces atoms of like charge to repel each other. When that is accomplished, atoms can fuse and release heat through neutron scattering. When more energy is created than it takes to sustain the reaction, sustained fusion becomes viable.
The trick is to do all this in a controlled way, and scientists have been pursuing such a trick for decades, primarily by containing hydrogen plasmas at sun-like temperatures (at the US Department of Energy’s National Ignition Facility and the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor effort in France) and in large facilities.
The new paper in Chemical Physical Letters describes a basic proof-of-principle simulation that shows how, in two dimensions, a shaped-laser pulse would push a molecule of deuterium and tritium, its nuclei already poised at a much smaller internuclear distance than in a plasma, nearly close enough to fuse.
“What prevents them from coming together is the positive charge of the nuclei, and both of these nuclei have the smallest charge, 1,” says coauthor Peter Wolynes, a professor of chemistry, of biochemistry and cell biology, of physics and astronomy and of materials science and nanoengineering at Rice University.
He says 2D simulations were necessary to keep the iterative computations practical, even though doing so required stripping electrons from the model molecules. “The best way to do it would be to leave the electrons on to help the process and control their motions, but that is a higher-dimensional problem that we—or someone—will tackle in the future,” says Wolynes, a senior investigator at Rice’s Center for Theoretical Biological Physics.
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Without the electrons, it was still possible to bring nuclei within a small fraction of an angstrom by simulating the effects of shaped 5-femtosecond, near-infrared laser pulses, which held the nuclei together in a “field-bound” molecule.
“For decades, researchers have also investigated muon-catalyzed fusion, where the electron in the deuterium/tritium molecule is replaced by a muon,” says Gruebele, the head of chemistry and a professor of physics, biophysics and computational biology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. “Think of it as a 208-times heavier electron. As a result, the molecular bond distance shrinks by a factor of 200, poising the nuclei even better for fusion.
“Sadly, muons don’t live forever, and the increased fusion efficiency just falls short of breaking even in energy output,” he says. “But when shaped vacuum ultraviolet laser pulses become as available as the near-infrared ones we simulated here, quantum control of muonic fusion may get it over the threshold.”
Because the model works at the quantum level—where subatomic particles are subject to different rules and have the characteristics of both particles and waves—the Heisenberg uncertainty principle comes into play. That makes it impossible to know the precise location of particles and makes tuning the lasers a challenge, Wolynes says.
“It’s clear the kind of pulses you need have to be highly sculpted and have many frequencies in them,” he says. “It will probably take experimentation to figure out what the best pulse shape should be, but tritium is radioactive, so no one ever wants to put tritium in their apparatus until they’re sure it’s going to work.”
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Wolynes says he and Gruebele have been thinking about the possibilities for about a decade, even though nuclear fusion is more of a hobby than a profession for both. “We finally got the courage to say, ‘Well, it’s worth saying something about it.’
“We’re not starting a company … yet,” he says. “But there may be angles here other people can think through that would lead to something practical even in the short term, such as production of short alpha particle pulses that could be useful in research applications.
“I’d be lying if I said that when we started the calculation, I didn’t hope it might just solve mankind’s energy problems,” Wolynes says. “At this point, it doesn’t. On the other hand, I think it’s an interesting question that starts us on a new path.”
Eduardo Berrios, lead author of the paper, is a research scientist at the University of Chile, Santiago. The National Science Foundation supported the research.
Source: Rice University
