For kids, pen’s mightier than keyboard
Posted by Joel Schwarz-UW on
U. WASHINGTON (US)—Children with and without handwriting disabilities were able to write more—and more quickly—when using a pen rather than a keyboard to compose essays, according to new research.
The study, headed by Virginia Berninger, a University of Washington professor of educational psychology who studies normal writing development and writing disabilities, looked at children’s ability to write the alphabet, sentences, and essays using a pen and a keyboard.
“Children consistently did better writing with a pen when they wrote essays. They wrote more and they wrote faster,” says Berninger.
Only for writing the alphabet was the keyboard better than the pen. For sentences results were mixed. But when using a pen, the children in all three grade levels produced longer essays and composed them at a faster pace. In addition, fourth and sixth graders wrote more complete sentences when they used a pen.
The study was designed to compare methods of transcription, a basic cognitive process involved in writing that enables a writer to translate thoughts or ideas into written language. Both handwriting and spelling are transcription processes.
Previous research by Berninger’s group showed that transcription predicts composition length and quality in developing writers. Transcription by both pen and keyboard involves the hands. Researchers, she says, are trying to understand why units of language are affected differently when hands write by pen and by keyboard.
“People think language is a single thing. But it’s not,” says Berninger. “It has multiple levels like a tall building with a different floor plan for each story. In written language there are letters, words, sentences, and paragraphs, which are different levels of language. It turns out that they are related, but not in a simple way. Spelling is at the word level, but sentences are at the syntax level. Words and syntax (patterns for organizing the order of words) are semi-independent. Organizing sentences to create text is yet another level. That’s why some children need spelling help while others need help in constructing sentences and others in composing text with many sentences.”
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Berninger and her colleagues recruited more than 200 normally developing children for the study. When the children were in the second, fourth, and sixth grades they were given three tasks. For one task they were told to print all lower case letters in alphabetic order with a pen. They were also asked to select each letter of the alphabet in order on a keyboard. In both cases they were told to work as quickly and accurately as possible.
In the second task they were asked to write one sentence that began with the word “writing” while using a pen and to write one sentence that began with “reading” while using the keyboard. Finally, the children were asked to write essays on provided topics for 10 minutes both by pen and by keyboard.
Although most children in the study developed transcriptions skills in an age-appropriate way, a small number showed signs of a specific learning disability—transcription disability. Both the normally developing and those with the disability wrote extended text better by pen than keyboard.
“We don’t want to lose sight of the fact that it is important for developing writers and children with transcription disability to be able to form letters by hand,” Berninger says.
“A keyboard doesn’t allow a child to have the same opportunity to engage the hand while forming letters—on a keyboard a letter is selected by pressing a key and is not formed,” she adds. “Brain imaging studies with adults have shown an advantage for forming letters over selecting or viewing letters. We need more research to figure out how forming letters by a pen and selecting them by pressing a key may engage our thinking brains differently.”
Findings were published in the journal Learning Disability Quarterly. The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development funded the research.
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25 Comments
Very interesting finding! My colleague and I would like to make parents, teachers, and others involved in educational decision making for children with reading and learning disabilities aware of this research on our blog (reading2008.com/blog). Advocates for children with special needs should be aware of research based interventions to increase the likelihood that children will succeed in school and life.
Would it not be logical to assume that using the keyboard requires the brain to use a parallel circuit that in a subtle, but distinct manner deflects the mind from the entirety of composition ?
A sort of subconscious minor, yet measurable ,distraction ?
This study raises a couple of interesting questions.
1. There have recently been news reports about the decline of teaching or emphasis on cursive writing in the schools. How does that intersect with this research? When the researchers found that students could write better and faster, were they printing or using cursive writing? (One assumes the second-graders were not yet trained in cursive writing.)
2. What about those of us who have now, for many years, been composing on the computer rather than in long hand? Is there likely a difference in our ability or performance? At this point, for me, writing with pen on paper seems extremely tedious compared to composing on the keyboard. In other words, can one train oneself to become as good (or even better) a writer on the computer than one would be using a pen and paper? (If I had to do all my professional-administrative writing on paper, it would take me forever!)
And one more I forgot: what implications does this have for K-12 schools, if the research findings are replicated and confirmed? Considerable, I would think.
Perhaps it would be helpful to bear in mind where children are at in terms of development. Their sensory integration is not at the level of an adult’s. From my experience in working with grade school kids it makes perfect sense that the majority would do better writing in pencil on paper. The senses have a chance to absorb the input and synthesis happens easily because one sense’s timing doesn’t dominate the others. When keyboard is involved a timing glitch often occurs. Of course, there are always exceptions and some kids who have a hard time getting thoughts through their fingers via the formation of letters find the keyboard a blessing.
Some years ago my daughter’s Montessori teacher (“guide” to be technical) demonstrated to me how different it feels to compose while writing in cursive than it does printing. As a computer professional with illegible handwriting this was astonishing to me. Since then when I want to learn something I write it out in cursive. It has worked for me – and my handwriting has improved! It feels different. BTW, Montessorians successfully teach cursive to preschoolers.
Thank you for this. I am always searching for the responsible rationale for teaching handwriting in elementary schools. As to adults, I am astounded at the success some have in remediating poor handwriting. This is based on feedback from some who have used my materials. Although I have theories only, it seems reasonable to assume that if one is taught print-script in the early years, and then conventional cursive in second or third grade, there is a strong potential for illegibility, as well as slow writing. It is a matter of learning a fine motor skill, developing habits of movement, and then retraining habits.
Gary Engstrand and others raise interested questions on cursive vs. printing.
Research that Virginia Berninger did some years ago with her colleague Steve Graham (citation on request) established, among other things, that the fastest legible handwriters avoid cursive. The fasteset legible handwriters tend to join only some letters, not all of them — making only the easiest joins, skipping the rest — and tend to use print-like letter-shapes for letters whose printed and cursive shapes disagree, The same research also revealed that people who produce “pure” cursive writing do not write any faster than people who produce “pure” printing.
This suggests some ways we need to change how we teach handwriting — for more information and resources, see my web-site http://www.HandwritingThatWorks.com
Kate Gladstone — director of the World Handwriting Contest
handwriting specialist, Handwriting Repair/Handwriting That Works
Years ago I read an article that suggested a possible link between humans talking was a nerve that ran from our thumbs to the tongue and in chimpanzees not talking was that the nerve connection was missing. Also, we humans have a grasp that enables us to hold a pencil in a way that chimpanzees can not. so using our thumbs in certain activities increases neural activity and language. But I read this research article years ago and would love to track it down. Any ideas?
[...] Berniger, who studies reading and writing systems and their relationship to learning processes, found that children’s writing ability was consistently better (they wrote more, faster, and more complete sentences) when they used a pen rather than a keyboard; [...]
[...] Berniger, who studies reading and writing systems and their relationship to learning processes, found that children’s writing ability was consistently better (they wrote more, faster, and more complete sentences) when they used a pen rather than a keyboard; [...]
[...] Berniger, who studies reading and writing systems and their relationship to learning processes, found that children’s writing ability was consistently better (they wrote more, faster, and more complete sentences) when they used a pen rather than a keyboard; [...]
[...] Virginia Berniger (who was interviewed for the story) found in an experiment that children’s writing ability is consistently better when using pens and not keyboards. Why [...]
[...] Berniger, who studies reading and writing systems and their relationship to learning processes, found that children’s writing ability was consistently better (they wrote more, faster, and more complete sentences) when they used a pen rather than a [...]
[...] Berniger, who studies reading and writing systems and their relationship to learning processes, found that children’s writing ability was consistently better (they wrote more, faster, and more complete sentences) when they used a pen rather than a [...]
[...] Berniger, who studies reading and writing systems and their relationship to learning processes, found that children’s writing ability was consistently better (they wrote more, faster, and more complete sentences) when they used a pen rather than a [...]
[...] Berniger, who studies reading and writing systems and their relationship to learning processes, found that children’s writing ability was consistently better (they wrote more, faster, and more complete sentences) when they used a pen rather than a keyboard [...]
[...] to student questions and working out problems on paper leads to faster mastery (see here and here), a good video goes a long way when your teacher cannot be reached. Watching some Khan Academy [...]
[...] my first version in longhand (pencil). Then I do a complete revision, also in longhand.” A 2009 study from the University of Washington seems to support Sontag, Capote, and many other writers’ preference for writing by hand: Elementary school [...]
[...] Berniger studies reading and writing systems and their relationship to learning processes and has found that children’s writing ability was consistently better (in that they wrote more, faster, and more complete sentences) when they used a pen rather than a [...]
[...] by hand encourages learning differently than using a keyboard. However, she points out that “Brain imaging studies with adults have shown an advantage for forming letters over selecting or view…” The scientific reason behind this involves the reticular activating system (RAS) located at [...]
[...] my first version in longhand (pencil). Then I do a complete revision, also in longhand.” A 2009 study from the University of Washington seems to support Sontag, Capote, and many other writers’ preference for writing by hand: Elementary school [...]
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