The question of whether nature or nurture governs our health is one of science’s great debates.
Scientists reviewed almost every twin study across the world from the past 50 years, involving more than 14.5 million twin pairs.
The findings, published in Nature Genetics, reveal on average the variation for human traits and diseases is 49 percent genetic, and 51 percent due to environmental factors and/or measurement errors.
“There has still been conjecture over how much variation is caused by genetics and how much is caused by environmental factors—what people call nature versus nurture,” says University of Queensland researcher Beben Benyamin of the Queensland Brain Institute (QBI).
“We wanted to resolve that by revisiting almost all the genetic twin studies conducted over the past 50 years, and comparing all of them together,” he says.
Although the contribution of genetic and environmental factors was balanced for most of the traits studied, the research showed there could be significant differences in individual traits.
For example, risk for bipolar disorder was about 70 percent due to genetics and 30 percent due to environmental factors.
“When visiting the nature versus nurture debate, there is overwhelming evidence that both genetic and environmental factors can influence traits and diseases,” Benyamin says. “What is comforting is that, on average, about 50 percent of individual differences are genetic and 50 percent are environmental.
“The findings show that we need to look at ourselves outside of a view of nature versus nurture, and instead look at it as nature and nurture.”
In 69 percent of cases, the study also revealed that individual traits were the product of the cumulative effect of genetic differences.
“This means that there are good reasons to study the biology of human traits, and that the combined effect of many genes on a trait is simply the sum of the effect of each individual gene,” Benyamin says.
“This finding has implications for choosing the best strategy to find genes affecting disease.”
[related]
Professor Peter Visscher of QBI says the study was performed using publications from the classical twin design, which compares the similarities of identical twins who share all their genes, to those of non-identical twins who share half their genes.
“Twin studies have been the main method for researching the genetic and environmental sources of variation between humans for a long time because of the availability of the two types of twins,” says Visscher.
The study involved a meta-analysis of 17,804 traits from 2748 publications between 1958 and 2012, based on data from 14,558,903 twin pairs.
The Australian Research Council and National Health and Medical Research Council contributed funding to the study.
Source: University of Queensland
