Parents of children with autism are more likely to have autistic traits themselves, according to new research.
Past studies have shown that the siblings of children with autism also tended to have more autistic traits than the siblings of kids without autism. But this study is the first to connect significant numbers of autistic traits in parents.
“When there was a child with autism in the family, both parents more often scored in the top 20 percent of the adult population on a survey we use to measure the presence of autistic traits,” says John N. Constantino, professor of psychiatry and pediatrics at Washington University in St. Louis.
“It could be that a mother or a father is just a little bit repetitive or slightly overfocused on details,” Constantino says.
“We can measure the presence of those traits with our questionnaire, but higher scores don’t mean a parent has problems. In fact, there may be advantages to having some of those traits. The problem comes when those traits are so intense that they begin to impair a person’s ability to function.”
Too large a ‘helping’
Just as an adequate amount of mashed potatoes and gravy won’t take over a dinner plate—too much may end up spilling over into everything else on the plate. With autistic traits, too large a “helping” of particular traits can have a negative influence on a child’s behavior and social skills. Traits related to autism tend to be natural variations in social skills, Constantino says.
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For the study, published in JAMA Psychiatry, researchers analyzed data from 256 children with diagnoses of autism and almost 1,400 children who did not have the disorder. Data from more than 1,200 mothers and 1,600 fathers of the children also were included in the analysis.
All of the subjects were part of the Nurses’ Health Study II, which has been gathering health information from more than 116,000 nurses since 1989.
Kristen Lyall colleagues at the Harvard School of Public Health used the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) to measure the presence of autistic traits. People who score less than 59 on the SRS are considered normal and healthy.
All in the family
When both parents had mild elevations in SRS scores, the study indicated that they were 85 percent more likely than parents without elevated scores to have a child with an autism spectrum disorder. If only one parent’s SRS score was high, the likelihood of having a child with autism spectrum disorder increased by 53 percent. And even among children without autism diagnoses, elevated parent scores correlated with higher SRS scores in their children.
It might seem uncommon that couples with high levels of autistic traits would get together and have children, but when one parent scores high for autistic traits, it’s likely the other parent will, too, Constantino says.
“It turns out that people tend to select one another on the basis of many of the same traits that the SRS measures. Likes attract. If one person has a high score, he or she is more likely to partner with another person who also scores high.”
That’s likely to raise the chances that their offspring will have elevated scores.
“When both parents have scores at or above the top 20 percent, the child’s score is 20 to 30 points higher than when neither parent has an elevated SRS score,” Constantino says.
To better understand how the genetic risks for autism are transmitted from parents to children—and what might protect some individuals in a family from experiencing clinical impairment even when they inherit the same risk factors—Constantino and his colleagues are conducting studies involving molecular, neuroimaging and behavioral methods to trace autism susceptibility across generations in families.
Researchers from University of California, Davis, contributed to the research. The National Cancer Institute and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health, Autism Speaks, and the US Army Medical Research and Material Command provided funding.
