NORTHWESTERN (US) — In a study of twins, lower birth weight more than tripled the risk for autism spectrum disorder in identical pairs, in which one twin had symptoms of the disorder and the other did not.
Although the genetic basis of autism is now well established, a growing body of research also suggests environmental factors may play a role in the disorder that affects nearly one in 100 children.
“Our study of discordant twins—twin pairs in which only one twin was affected by autism spectrum disorder (ASD)—found birth weight to be a very strong predictor of autism spectrum disorder,” says Molly Losh, assistant professor of communication sciences and disorders at Northwestern University.
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Prior twin studies have shown that when one identical twin had ASD, the other twin was much more likely to have ASD than not.
“Because identical twins share virtually 100 percent of their genes, this is strong evidence for the role of genetics in autism,” Losh says. “Yet it is not 100 percent the case that ASD affects both identical twins in a twin pair.
“That only one twin is affected by ASD in some identical twin pairs suggests that environmental factors may play a role either independently or in interaction with autism risk genes,” she adds.
“Because autism is a developmental disorder impacting brain development early on, it suggests that prenatal and perinatal environmental factors may be of particular importance.”
Losh’s research is reported online in the journal Psychological Medicine.
To control for shared genetic and environmental factors, researchers used a co-twin control study design in which the ASD-affected twin served as the case and the unaffected twin served as the control. They found the risk for autism spectrum disorder rose 13 percent for every 100 gram- (3.5 ounce-) decrease in birth weight.
“There’s been a great deal of misinformation about the causes of autism—from the 1950s misconception that the distant maternal behavior of what were dubbed ‘refrigerator mothers’ was at fault to the ill-informed myth that vaccines can cause autism,” says Losh.
Losh, who directs Northwestern’s Neurodevelopmental Disabilities Laboratory, warns the findings from twin studies might not extend to singletons, as the prenatal and perinatal conditions for twins and singletons differ in important ways.
The researchers studied a population-based sample of 3,725 same-sex twin pairs that were part of the Swedish Twin Registry’s Child and Adolescent Twin Study that was directed by Paul Lichtenstein of Sweden’s Karolinska Institute. The discordant twins they studied were pairs in which one twin was more than 400 grams (about 14 ounces) or at least 15 percent heavier at birth than the other.
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