MICHIGAN STATE (US) — Women are constantly exposed to messages about the value of being thin, but genetics may make some more vulnerable to this pressure than others, a new study shows.
From size-zero models to airbrushed film stars, thinness is portrayed as equaling beauty across Western culture, and it’s an ideal often cited as a cause of eating disorder symptoms in young women.
For a new study published in International Journal of Eating Disorders, researchers focused on the potential psychological impact of women buying into this perceived ideal of thinness, which they call thin-ideal internalization. Changes in self-perception and behavior, caused by this idealization, can lead to body dissatisfaction, a preoccupation with weight, and other symptoms of eating disorders.
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“We’re all bombarded daily with messages extolling the virtues of being thin, yet intriguingly only some women develop what we term thin-ideal internalization,” says Jessica Suisman, a researcher in department of psychology at Michigan State University. “This suggests that genetic factors may make some women more susceptible to this pressure than others.”
To explore the role of genetic factors in whether women buy in to the pressure to be thin, the idealization of thinness was studied in sets of twins. More than 300 female twins from Michigan State’s Twin Registry, ages 12-22, took part in the study.
Suisman and colleagues measured how much participants wanted to look like people from movies, TV, and magazines. Once the levels of thin idealization were assessed, identical twins who share 100 percent of their genes were compared with fraternal twins who share 50 percent.
Identical twins have closer levels of thin idealization than fraternal twins, which suggests a significant role for genetics. Further analysis shows that the heritability of thin idealization is 43 percent, meaning that almost half of the reason women differ in their idealization of thinness can be explained by differences in their genetic makeup.
In addition to the role of genes, the findings showed that influences of the environment are also important.
Differences between twins’ environments have a greater role in the development of thin ideal internalization than wider cultural attitudes, which women throughout Western societies are exposed to.
“We were surprised to find that shared environmental factors, such as exposure to the same media, did not have as big an impact as expected,” Suisman says. “Instead, non-shared factors that make co-twins different from each other had the greatest impact.”
Although the study did not look at specific environmental triggers, non-shared environmental influences typically include experiences that twins don’t share with one another. This could include involvement by one twin in a weight-focused sport like dance, one twin being exposed to more media that promotes thinness than the other, or one of the twins having a friendship group that places importance on weight.
“The take-home message,’ Suisman says, “is that the broad cultural risk factors that we thought were most influential in the development of thin-ideal internalization are not as important as genetic risk and environmental risk factors that are specific and unique to each twin.”
Kelly Klump, professor of psychology and co-author on the study, says it is well established that a broad range of factors can contribute to the development of eating disorders.
“This study reveals the need to take a similar approach to the ways in which women buy in to pressure to be thin, by considering how both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of thin-ideal internalization.”
Researchers from the University of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, University of South Florida, and Florida State University contributed to the study, which was funded by the National Institute of Mental Health.
Source: Michigan State University
