The shells of California mussels collected from the Pacific Ocean in the 1970s are on average 32 percent thicker than those of modern specimens, research shows.
Shells collected by Native Americans 1,000 to 1,300 years ago were also 27 percent thicker than modern shells, on average. The decreasing thickness over time, in particular the last few decades, is likely due to ocean acidification as a result of increased carbon in the atmosphere.
As humans burn fossils fuels, the oceans absorb a large portion of the additional carbon released into the atmosphere. This in turn causes pH levels of ocean water to drop, making it more acidic.
Mussels, oysters, and certain species of algae have a tough time producing their calcium carbonate shells and skeletons in acidic ocean water and can provide an early indicator of how increasing ocean acidification affects marine life.
“Archival material provided by past researchers, the Makah Tribal Nation, and the Olympic National Park allowed us to document this intriguing and concerning pattern in shell thickness,” says Cathy Pfister, professor of ecology and evolution at the University of Chicago and lead author of the study, in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
In previous studies, Pfister and her colleagues documented declining pH levels in the waters surrounding Tatoosh Island off the coast of Washington state. In 2011 they further analyzed carbon and oxygen isotopes taken from modern mussel shells, shells collected by the local Makah tribe between CE 668 and 1008, and shells collected by biologists in the 1970s.
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For the new study, the researchers compared the thicknesses of the same sets of shells. On average, the shells provided by the Makah Cultural and Research Center were 27.6 percent thicker than modern counterparts. Shells from the 1970s were 32.2 percent thicker. Shells from a different Native American site in Sand Point, Washington, dating between 2150 and 2420 years old were almost 94 percent thicker than modern shells.
The long-term decline in thickness likely shows a response to ocean acidification, though the researchers also consider other environmental drivers including changes in food supply (e.g. plankton) for mussels.
The researchers also point out that their findings raise concerns about the California mussel’s ability to retain its role as a foundational species in these waters. Decreased shell thickness makes them increasingly vulnerable to predators and environmental disturbances. This in turn could affect interactions with hundreds of other species of organisms that live near mussel beds in tidal waters.
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“The California mussel is a common species along the entire west coast of the United States, and their fate will be linked to that of a rich diversity of predators, including sea stars and sea otters, as well as myriad species that are part of the mussel bed habitat,” Pfister says. “It is imperative that we understand more about how these species will change as ocean conditions change.”
Robert Paine, from the University of Washington, one of the coauthors of this paper, died on June 13, 2016, at the age of 83. He originated this line of research on Tatoosh Island. Read about Paine’s work and influence in this 2013 profile from Nature.
Source: University of Chicago
