A wearable device could one day allow EMTs, military medics, and ER doctors to assess more accurately assess blood loss due to hemorrhage.
Better blood loss assessments could let health professionals better treat victims of car accidents, gunshot wounds, and battlefield injuries.
Researchers have shown the device can measure seismic vibrations in the chest cavity and detect changes in the timing of heartbeats to accurately assess blood loss.
The knowledge, developed in the laboratory, could potentially lead to development of a smart wearable device that ambulance crews and medics could carry or have available in emergency rooms and surgical facilities.
“We envision a wearable device that could be placed on a person’s chest to measure the signs that we found are indicative of worsening cardiovascular system performance in response to bleeding,” says Omer Inan, associate professor in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology.
“Based on information from the device, different interventions such as fluid resuscitation could be performed to help a victim of trauma.”
Life-threatening blood loss
Blood loss can result from many different kinds of trauma, but the hemorrhage can sometimes remain hidden from first responders and doctors. Heart rates are normally elevated in people suffering from trauma, and blood pressure—now the most commonly used measure of hemorrhage—can remain stable until the blood loss reaches a life-threatening stage.
“It’s very difficult because the vital signs you can measure easily are the ones that the body tries very hard to regulate,” Inan says. “Yet you have to make decisions about how much fluid to give an injured person, how to treat them—and when there are multiple people injured—how to triage those with the most critical needs. We don’t have a good medical indicator that we can measure noninvasively at an injury or battlefield scene to help make these decisions.”
Using animal models, Inan and graduate students Jonathan Zia and Jacob Kimball carefully studied seismic vibrations from the chest cavity and electrical signals from the heart as blood volume was gradually reduced.
The researchers wanted to evaluate externally measurable indicators of cardiovascular system performance and compare them to information provided by catheters making direct measurements of blood volume and pressure.
The key indicator turned out to be a seismocardiogram, a measure of the micro-vibrations produced by heart contractions and the ejection of blood from the heart into the body’s vascular system. But the researchers also saw changes in the timing of the heart’s activity as blood volume decreased, providing another measure of a weakening cardiovascular system.
“The most important lower-level feature we found to be important in blood volume status estimation were cardiac timing intervals: how long the heart spends in different phases of its operation,” Inan says. “In the case of blood volume depletion, the interval is an important indicator that you could obtain using signals from a wearable device.”
Plans for a tiny patch
In such a device, these noninvasive mechanical and electrical measures could be combined to show just how critical a patient’s blood loss was. Machine learning algorithms would use the measurements to generate a simple numerical score in which larger numbers indicate a more serious condition.
“We would give an indicator that is representative of the overall status of the cardiovascular system and how close it is to collapse,” Inan says. “If one patient is rated 50 and another is 90, first responders could give priority to the patient with the higher number.”
Beyond emergency situations, the new assessment technique could be helpful with many types of surgery in which quickly identifying unseen blood loss could improve the outcome for patients.
In future work, Inan and his collaborators expect to create a prototype device that could take the form of a patch just 10 millimeters square. Additional electrical engineering will be needed to filter out the kinds of background noise likely to be found in real-world trauma situations, and for successful operation during patient transportation.
“Long-term, we want to partner with clinicians to do studies in humans where we would use the wearable patch and be able to take measurements when people were coming into the trauma bay, or even while EMTs were still deployed,” Inan says. “This could become a new way of monitoring hemorrhage that could be used outside of clinical settings.”
The researchers also want to study the opposite problem—how to determine when enough fluid has been provided to an injured patient. Too much fluid can cause edema, similar to the conditions of heart failure patients whose lungs fill with liquid.
The study appears in Science Advances. Additional coauthors are from the Translational Training and Testing Laboratories in Atlanta, an affiliate of Georgia Tech, and the University of Maryland.
The Office of Naval Research provided support for the study.
Source: Georgia Tech
