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They are born from swirling disks of gas and dust, rather than from violent stellar collisions.

“How these high mass stars form has been a debate for 20 years,” says Stefan Kraus, a research fellow in the University of Michigan Department of Astronomy who is first author of a paper on the findings published in Nature.

“We’ve provided the first clear observational evidence of a compact, solar system-sized, dusty disk around a massive young star.”

The star they studied is only about 60,000 years old. The sun, by contrast, is about 4.6 billion years old.

The researchers used a technique called interferometry, which combined the light gathered by multiple separate telescopes to achieve the resolving power of an 85-meter telescope. For their observations, they used the Very Large Telescope Interferometer of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) in Chile.

The resulting resolution is equivalent to picking out the head of a screw on the International Space Station from Earth, or more than 10 times the resolution possible with current visible-light telescopes in space, according to ESO.

The approach allowed them to essentially zoom in a nameless young star 10,000 light years away in the Centaurus constellation in the southern sky. They produced infrared images detailed enough to show the shape of a dissipating disk. These very young stars are still deeply embedded in their stellar nurseries and cannot be observed in visible light. However, infrared light can escape the dusty cocoon.

“With a 10-meter telescope, this star is just a point,” Kraus says. “With interferometry, we can resolve the disk. The disk structure is very similar to the one observed around young low-mass stars and that’s remarkable.”

Astronomers have obtained the first image of a dusty disc closely encircling a massive baby star, providing direct evidence that massive stars form in the same way as their smaller brethren—and closing an enduring debate. (Credit: ESO/S. Kraus)

High-mass stars such as this one are relatively rare in the universe. Only about one of every hundred newborn stars grows to more than 10 times the mass of the Sun.

For the past two decades, theoreticians have struggled with serious questions about how these stars form. They understood that for low-mass stars, stellar growth requires the presence of a circumstellar disk.

But high-mass stars, in contrast, produce strong stellar winds and radiation pressure during their birth, which could halt disk formation. Therefore, some scientists proposed dramatic alternative processes, Kraus says, such as stellar merging. The new observations provide compelling evidence that even these giant stars form through disks.

These massive stars, Kraus adds, are important astrophysical objects.

“All the material that we see around us is made of the products of a massive star that exploded in a supernova in our neighborhood a few tens of billions of years ago,” he says. “You need massive stars to produce the heavy elements from which ourselves our made.”

The research was funded in part by NASA.

More news from the University of Michigan: www.ns.umich.edu/