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The findings expand on previous work where scientists delivered electricity through sensors on the skulls of chronic migraine patients, and found a decrease in the intensity and pain of their headache attacks—but couldn’t completely explain how or why.

For the new study, researchers intravenously administered a radiotracer that reached important brain areas in a patient with trigeminal neuropathic pain (TNP), a type of chronic, severe facial pain. They applied the electrodes and electrically stimulated the skull right above the motor cortex of the patient for 20 minutes during a PET scan (positron emission tomography). The stimulation is called transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).

The current findings, published in the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry, help explain what happens in the brain that decreases pain during the brief sessions of electricity, The radiotracer was specifically designed to measure, indirectly, the local brain release of mu-opioid, a natural substance that alters pain perception. In order for opiate to function, it needs to bind to the mu-opioid receptor.

“This is arguably the main resource in the brain to reduce pain,” says Alexandre DaSilva, the senior researcher in the study from the University of Michigan School of Dentistry. “We’re stimulating the release of our (body’s) own resources to provide analgesia.

“Instead of giving more pharmaceutical opiates, we are directly targeting and activating the same areas in the brain on which they work. (Therefore), we can increase the power of this pain-killing effect and even decrease the use of opiates in general, and consequently avoid their side effects, including addiction.”

Most pharmaceutical opiates, especially morphine, target the mu-opioid receptors in the brain.

The dose of electricity is very small, DaSilva says. Consider that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which is used to treat depression and other psychiatric conditions, uses amperage in the brain ranging from 200 to 1600 milliamperes The protocol used in DaSilva’s study delivered 2 mA, considerably lower than ECT.

Just one session immediately improved the patient’s threshold for cold pain by 36 percent, but not the patient’s clinical, TNP/facial pain, suggesting that repetitive electrical stimulation over several sessions are required to have a lasting effect on clinical pain as shown in their previous migraine study, DaSilva says.

Next, researchers will investigate long-term effects of electric stimulation on the brain and find specific targets in the brain that may be more effective depending on the pain condition and patients’ status. For example, the frontal areas may be more helpful for chronic pain patients with depression symptoms.

Researchers from Harvard University and the City University of New York contributed to the study.

Source: University of Michigan