Earth & Environment - Posted by Pat Bailey-UC Davis on Friday, February 12, 2010 12:18 - 7 Comments
Genetically modified crops here to stay

“Global warming will alter the pattern of diseases among crops and also cause intense, periodic flooding,” says Pamela Ronald. “The good news is that we have the ability, through conventional breeding and genetic engineering, to generate new varieties of our existing food crops that can better adapt to these environmental changes.” (Credit: Chris Quintana/IRRI)
UC DAVIS (US)—Global climate warming and population growth will necessitate sweeping changes in how the world produces its food and fiber.
A research team, led by Nina Federoff, science and technology adviser to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, suggests that there is a “critical need to get beyond popular biases against the use of agricultural biotechnology,” as well as explore the potential of aquaculture and maximize agricultural production in dry and saline areas.
Their recommendations will appear as a perspective piece titled “Radically Rethinking Agriculture for the 21st Century” in today’s issue of the journal Science.
The researchers note that the impacts of climate change on agriculture and human health are already apparent.
They point to the 2003 heat wave in Europe, which caused just a 3.5-degree rise in the average summer temperature, but killed 30,000 to 50,000 people.
Gaining much less attention was the resulting 20 percent to 36 percent decrease in the yields of grains and fruit that summer.
“That dramatic drop in yield is just a foreshadowing of the challenges that lie ahead for agriculture during the 21st century, as temperatures rise and another 3 billion people are added to the global population,” says Pamela Ronald, a plant pathologist at University of California, Davis, a coauthor on the perspective piece.
Ronald is working on developing a new generation of crops that can better resist diseases and tolerate environmental stresses, including flooding.
“Global warming will alter the pattern of diseases among crops and also cause intense, periodic flooding,” Ronald says.
“The good news is that we have the ability, through conventional breeding and genetic engineering, to generate new varieties of our existing food crops that can better adapt to these environmental changes.”
She notes a new rice variety for Bangladesh and India that can better withstand flooding, an environmental stress that reduces yearly yields by 4 million tons—enough to feed 30 million people in these two countries.
Future food, feed, and fiber crops should also make better use of nitrogen from the environment, to minimize water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions associated with chemical fertilizers, the report says.
Efforts aimed at increasing agricultural productivity and eliminating global hunger should be focused on:
- re-evaluating restrictive regulatory policies that now govern the use of genetically modified crops;
- establishing a public facility within the U.S. Department of Agriculture for safety-testing genetically modified crops;
- integrating agriculture and aquaculture systems in order to sustainably raise crops, livestock and fish; and
- developing crops and productive farming systems for extremely dry and saline regions.
UC Davis news: www.news.ucdavis.edu/
7 Comments
Craig
Doug
The scientists who authored the Science article make several scientifically indefensible points. The most egregious, often repeated by Nina Federoff, Pam Ronald, and others is that because there is “no evidence” of–as they often put–even a cough or a sniffle after 13 years of consumption of GE foods in the U.S., these crops are safe.
But, as the National Research Council pointed out in a 2002 report scolding USDA, the lack of evidence is not evidence of the lack of harm. One has to look before harm can be detected. This is especially true for foods, where it is extremely difficult to determine whether a food is causing harm, especially chronic harm, unless careful epidemiological studies have been done. This is especially true for long-term effects. There have been no such studies for GE foods. So to say that there has been no harm from GE crops is absolutley unsupportable scientifically, and the scientists that continue to make this claim are either ignorant of the standards of epidemiological evidence….or what?
We are left with the minimal lab testing that is currently done on GE crops. For example, in the U.S. the most that is required–for some of the crops–is single dose acute toxicity testing. One big dose with monitoring for only 28 days. In Europe 90 days (subchronic testing) is often required. But there is no long term testing, no carcinogenicity testing, no teratogencity testing, and so on.
Tellingly, the authors of the Science article want to reduce the already minimal testing requirements! This is because they believe that the technology inherently poses little risk. The potential for risk, though, has been affirmed by several studies of the National Academies of Science, the British Royal Academy of Sciences, etc.
The authors don’t address monopoly control over our food supply, or the patent issue, in a meaningful way–maybe because at least three of the authors are from biotech companies including Monsanto and DuPont. This just goes to show that the public sector scientists that co-authored this article are in bed with the industry. These scientists are simply a front for monopoly control of this technology in the guise of public sector scientists being able to produce GE crops. Federoff and Beachy in particular are in positions in the Obama Administration, where they will try to weaken the already weak laws governing GE crops.
Bob
Doug is spot on. The underlying, and baseless, assumption in these types of discussions is that we can create, through genetic engineering, new crops with advantageous attributes and maintain the same level of safety, yields, and nutritional value. Where does this fantasy come from, other than simply wishful thinking? As Doug points out, there is no convincing test data to support this opinion, since thorough testing hasn’t been done. And a growing body of test data does exist which strongly suggests otherwise. With this kind of illogic, you can pose any sort of fantastic premise – GMOs will SAVE THE WORLD! WE CAN’T SURVIVE WITHOUT GMOs! The reality may be that GMOs will save the world – by eliminating humans from the equation.
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Also in addition to the very legitimate safety concerns, the GMO industry has not even been able to establish that they can reliably increase crop yields.
A study released in 2009 by the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) (entitled ‘Failure to Yield’) found that since the inception of genetically modified crops, no significant increases in crop yields can be attributed to them.
The study is a compilation of published and peer-reviewed studies done since the mid 1990s. They looked at crop production and how GMO, environment, and other factors affected yields. According to UCS, overall these studies have shown that the yield increases often attributed to genetic modifications are often not because of the GMs at all, but due to other factors.
Overall the conclusion was that the substantial increases in crop yields over the past 15 years have mostly been due to traditional breeding and improvements in agricultural practices.
So from this perspective also, if we are expecting to face a great need to enhance our crop yields, we are better off emphasizing the traditional approaches which have been shown to work in the past.
Elizabeth
Doug said, “Tellingly, the authors of the Science article want to reduce the already minimal testing requirements! This is because they believe that the technology inherently poses little risk. The potential for risk, though, has been affirmed by several studies of the National Academies of Science, the British Royal Academy of Sciences, etc.” What are the risks? I’d like to find out more. I understand the patent issue as well as the biased suggestions made by authors employed by big Ag, but what specifically are the risks from consuming GM foods? What did the NAS and British Royal Academy of Sciences learn that the general public should know? Thanks.
ami shade
I feel that we need to include with every argument, however, an action that can be executed to fight against these monsters that OWN our food supply. After all, the reason they are monsters is because they have the money to demolish- by advertising and lawsuits- the organic farming industry. Everyone can immediately CONTROL WHERE YOUR DOLLAR IS SPENT. Be part of the SOLUTION by:
Buy ORGANIC whenever possible (especially wheat, corn, soy products)
Eat at home or support ONLY conscientious fast food (ex: Chipotle).
Grow your own garden, even if only tomatoes in a patio pot.
Shop at your local farmers market as frequently as possible.
Remember, every singular thread in the fabric counts.


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The real problem is the patent system which puts these modified seeds in the hands of mega-corporations instead of individual farmers.
Looking forward to reading the Science article. Hope it answers my concerns.