Scientists have discovered how aluminum, a toxic result of soil acidification, acts to reduce plant growth.
The increasing human population and continuing degradation of farm soils has made food security a critical issue, says researcher Peter Kopittke of the University of Queensland School of Agriculture and Food Sciences.
One-third of the world’s food-producing land has been lost in the past 40 years as a result of soil degradation.
“Acid soils cost over $A1.5 billion per year in forgone production in Australia alone,” says Kopittke. (That’s $1.15 billion in US dollars.)
“Soil degradation occurs naturally, but is exacerbated by agricultural activities and is expensive to reverse, so another option is to cultivate crops with better tolerance for the soil conditions.
“Our research has identified how aluminum reduces plant growth, so that we can work towards overcoming this and increasing crop productivity.”
The researchers discovered that aluminum in soils could reduce the growth of roots within five to 30 minutes of exposure.
Using the TwinMic microscope at the Elettra synchrotron facility in Trieste, Italy, they showed that aluminum accumulates in soybean plant root tips, exerting a toxic effect on cells required for root growth.
“For these cells, growth occurs when the cell walls loosen, yet we demonstrated that aluminum accumulates in the cell wall and inhibits their growth,” says Kopittke.
“If the roots of a plant don’t grow properly then it will be unable to access water and nutrients and it will not flourish.
“Low productivity crops do not make the best use of the available arable land, and make it difficult to keep up with global food demands.
“We have shown that in order to overcome the negative effects of aluminum, it is important to focus on traits involved in cell wall loosening to breed crops with greater aluminum tolerance.”
The research, conducted in collaboration with the University of Oxford, the University of South Australia, and the Elettra synchrotron, appears in Plant Physiology.
Source: University of Queensland
